Resumo Esta revisão sistemática avaliou a eficácia do Manejo de Contingência (MC) no tratamento do Transtorno por Uso de Álcool. Para isso, foi utilizada a recomendação PRISMA e consultadas as bases de dados: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO e Pubmed. Foram incluídos oito ensaios clínicos randomizados nesta revisão. Em sete, o MC foi mais eficaz em promover abstinência continuada. Dos dois que avaliaram a retenção no tratamento, ambos encontraram resultados estatisticamente favoráveis ao MC. Dos três que apresentaram resultados de avaliação de seguimento, em dois o MC foi mais eficaz em promover abstinência. Todos apresentaram boa qualidade metodológica. A aplicação do MC em larga escala pode promover melhorias substanciais para a saúde pública e deve ser encorajada.

Abstract This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of applying Contingency Management (CM) to Alcohol Use Disorder. We followed the PRISMA recommendation and consulted the following databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO and Pubmed. A total of eight randomized controlled trials were included in this review, all of them with good methodological quality. In seven of these, CM was more efficacious in promoting continuous abstinence. Both trials that evaluated treatment retention found statistically significant results favorable to CM. On two of the three trials presenting follow-up results, CM was more efficacious in promoting abstinence. The large-scale application of CM can promote substantial public health improvements and should be encouraged.

Abstract Background: Crack use has become a severe health problem in Brazil. Contingency management has shown robust evidence of efficacy in the treatment of cocaine use disorder (CUD) in high-income countries; however, it is still unclear how this intervention can impact treatment in low-income countries. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of contingency management in the treatment of CUD among individuals with a previous history of poor treatment response in Brazil. Methods: Six months after the end of treatment, 32 participants previously allocated to the usual care condition (UCC) were invited to receive an additional 12 weeks of treatment in a contingency management condition (CMC), and 16 accepted the invitation. We compared data obtained from only the 16 participants (14 male) exposed to both treatment conditions. Results: Participants attended more treatment sessions and were retained in treatment for a longer period during the CMC than during the UCC (p < .01 for both). The proportion of negative cocaine samples submitted, the mean longest duration of cocaine abstinence, and the odds of being abstinent from cocaine during the 12 weeks of treatment were significantly higher during treatment in the CMC when compared to the UCC (p < .05). Conclusions: This study provides further evidence that contingency management is effective in promoting abstinence and retention in treatment among individuals with CUD with a history of poor treatment response. Our findings argue for the incorporation of CM among public treatment services for CUD in Brazil. Trial registration: This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01815645 on March 21, 2013.